Minolta's Close-up, Macro, and Micro Gear

Some would say that photography is the art and science of isolating subjects.  There are several ways to do this, such as physically removing distracting objects from the picture -- you know, having someone move that bright green car out of the background. Another approach is to stay in the same spot and just switch to a longer focal length lens -- closing in on the subject.  Either way, that green car is "history".  But the most common approach is to simply move the camera closer to the subject.  This allows you to get just about anything OUT of the picture, with a combination of perspective and depth-of-field. But this latter approach has one potential roadblock.  As you move closer to the subject, you must refocus the lens, and at some point, you won't be able to focus the lens any closer.  At that distance, we reach the close-focusing point of the lens, and wish the lens would focus "PLEASE, just a little closer".

This is where macro and close-up gear comes in.  This area of photography can be kept simple or it can become complicated due to the plethora of options available to the shutterbug.  For many camera manufacturers, close-up gear is an afterthought.  They see it as a special market for just a few odd-balls.  Not Minolta.  Minolta has always supplied an admirable offering of a wide selection of superlative close-up equipment.  Here is a summary of the approaches that you can use -- and the comparable equipment that Minolta has made.  Keep in mind that while Minolta made several ways to "get close", there isn't any "best" way to do it.  What's best for you is probably inappropriate for someone else.  The approach that you use depends on how close you want to get, and the close you are to your bank account.

Close-focusing lenses -- not to be confused with supplementary lenses (see below), these are just regular lenses that focus closer than "normal".  Typically, regular lenses will focus to about 1/10 life size, which means that the subject is about 10 times the size of the image on the negative.  This is about as close as most people need to get, and making a lens that focuses closer than this increases the production cost noticeable.  There are two approaches that can be used to allow a lens to focus closer. First, the focusing tube can be made to extend a little longer than normal.  This is an inexpensive approach if the extension is minimal, but a minimal increase in the extension will only produce a minor increase in the magnification.  The other approach is optical.  With this approach, extra glass elements are added to the lens and are engaged with a special macro button or lever.  This moves these additional elements into a special position inside the lens to create additional magnification.  While capable of increasing the magnification significantly, this approach requires additional glass and a more complicated lens design.  Typically, these higher-end close-focusing lenses will allow a photographer to reach 1/5 or 1/4 life size.  Additionally, these lenses produce very soft edges in the pictures, so it's best to stop-down the lens dramatically.  For the best results, this means a long shutter speed, a tripod, and a cable release -- or a powerful flash unit.  Minolta made and sold several lenses that had close-up capability. These are listed in the MINMAN lens directory.  But remember, this means that you can focus just a little closer than normal.  For example, the older 80-200mm MD Zoom Rokkor-X could focus to 6 feet.  The newer 75-200mm MD Zoom Rokkor-X , with close-focusing capability, could focus to 4 feet.  Helpful, but not a dramatic change.  Finally, keep in mind that many other companies made close-focusing lenses that will fit on Minolta cameras.

Reverse adapters -- available in different styles and sizes, these adapters allow you to make the most of the gear you currently have.  Minolta made two reverse lens adapters -- the Reverse Adapter I and the Reverse Adapter II.  These adapters are nearly identical, and screw into the filter thread of a lens.  It has a Minolta bayonet mount on the other side, so the lens can be placed on the camera body BACKWARDS!  Why would you want to do this?  It provides extreme close-up focusing with or without a bellows.  The reverse adapters were available in 49mm and 55mm thread sizes, but can be used on lenses with different filter thread sizes through the use of step-up or step-down rings.  Other companies made Minolta reverse adapters as well, but they are a somewhat lesser quality.

Supplementary lenses -- often called close-up lenses, close-up filters (CU filters), or supplementary filters, the supplementary lens is an actual optical lens that looks like a filter and acts like a filter -- since it is screwed onto the front of a regular lens.  Simply put, they are a magnifying glass and make the image bigger.  They come in difference strengths.  Minolta made quite a variety of top-notch supplementary lenses, for many of their cameras and meters -- TLR, 35mm, 16mm, 110, disc, etc. Some were built into the cameras, while others were available as accessories.  While most close-up lenses are single element, uncoated optics, the Minolta offerings are two element, coated optics offering superior correction of chromatic aberration and flare reduction.  Even so, for the best results, you should stop down the lens as much as possible.  One of the best reasons to use close-up filters is their ease of use.  If you need to "get closer", just screw on one (or more) of these lenses.  And no exposure compensation is needed -- unlike some of the other approaches (see below).  Minolta's 35mm SLR close-up lenses were available in the following filter threads and diopter strengths. (Diopers are a measurement of distance, equal to a fraction of a meter.  A +1 diopter lens sets the focus at 1 meter, while a +2 diopter sets it at 1/2 meter (500 millimeters), and a +3.8 diopter sets it at 1/3.8 meter (263 millimeters), etc.  This is true regardless of the focal length of the lens on the camera:

• 49mm -- #0 (+0.94 diopter), #1 (+2 diopters), and #2 (+3.8 diopters)
• 52mm -- #0 (+0.94 diopter), #1 (+2 diopters), and #2 (+3.8 diopters)
• 55mm -- #0 (+0.94 diopter), #1 (+2 diopters), and #2 (+3.8 diopters)
• 72mm -- This is a special CU filter, designed for use on the 100-500mm zoom lens but usable on any medium to long telephoto with a suitable filter thread or adapter. It has a diopter of +0.37. Three versions exist -- yellow inscription on the distnace scale (MC version), orange inscription on the distnace scale (MD Rokkor), blue inscription on the distnace scale (MD Minolta) -- but they are apparently all the same optic -- except for the coloring.
• 77mm -- This is a special CU filter, designed for use on the 80-160mm zoom lens but usable on any medium telephoto with a suitable filter thread or adapter.

There are actually four styles of Minolta CU lenses for 35mm SLR cameras -- the difference being the engraving. The first series has "for SR" marked on the side of the lens, and the diameter is marked as '55N', for example. These have a satin black finish. The second series drops the "for SR" engraving, and now has the diameter marked as "55mm", for example. In addition, these now have a glossy black finish. In the third series, the diameter is still marked as "55mm", BUT with a Greek diameter insignia in front of it -- so as not to confuse the user into thinking that this CU lens is a 55mm (or whatever) lens. These CU lenses retain the glossy black finish of the previous series. The fourth series replaces the old-time Minolta font with a smaller, plainer font. The diameter is still marked as "55mm" with a Greek diameter insignia in front of it. These CU lenses retain the glossy black finish of the previous series. Here's a table to straighten things out.

Minolta close-up lenses and available diopters

	Series 1	Series 2	Series 3	Series 4
49mm	--	--	#0,#1,#2	#0,#1,#2
52mm	#0,#1,#2	--	--	--
55mm	#0,#1,#2	#0,#1,#2	#0,#1,#2	#0,#1,#2

Many other companies made screw-in, close-up filters that will fit on Minolta lenses, however these are almost always single-element, uncoated optics that will produce some color fringing on the edges of objects due to the chromatic aberration. Many are as expensive as the better-quality Minolta offerings. Minolta's supplementary lenses will get you very close, very economically, very easily.  For many people this is as close as they need to get.  Other people discover that when they get this close, they want to get even closer!  It's just one of the built-in risks of close-up photography.  Once you see the petals on a flower, you'll want to see the stamen!

Tele-converters -- tele-converters are an inexpensive way to get closer than normal.  While they increase the focal length of the lens with which they are used, they have the added feature of increasing the magnification.  Although the lens doesn't focus any closer than it did without the tele-converter, the image on the film is larger than before the converter was used (3 times as big if a 3X converter is used).  Typically, these lenses produce very soft edges in the pictures, so it's best to stop-down the lens dramatically.  Minolta made and sold several tele-converters that provide this close-up capability.  These are listed in the MINMAN lens directory.  Some tele-converters are made to convert into extension tubes (see below) to offer even greater close-up magnification.  These are referred to as close-up converters or macro-converters.  Minolta did not make any converter of this type, but other companies made these converters that will fit on Minolta cameras.  You can achieve the same effect by placing an extension tube behind a lens and then placing a tele-converter in front of, or behind, the extension tube (see below).

Extension tubes -- As you focus a lens closer, it moves away from the camera and film. An extension tube fits between the lens and the camera and creates more of this light-tight extension.  The more extension, the closer you can get.  Minolta made four sets of extension tubes:  

• SR Extension Tube Set:  The first set of extension tubes from Minolta has a chrome finish and gives a variable extensions from 7.5mm to 67.5mm. The set consists of five parts, numbered 1 through 5.  #1 and #5 are always used, but the others are option, if more extension is needed.  They were developed before meter-coupling and so are completely manual in operation.  If your camera has a TTL meter, the correct meter reading will be produced by the camera, but the viewfinder will get very dark, especially if you stop-down the lens.  
  
• SR Extension Tube Set II:  Similar to the SR Extension Tube Set, the SR Extension Tube Set II is completely manual in operation.  They have a black finish and give extensions from 7mm to 56mm. There were actually two versions of these tubes.  On the later model, the bayonet surface of the EB ring is a bit recessed at the edge, so that the MD tab can move freely.
  
• MC Auto Extension Tubes: A set of three tubes that can be used alone or in combination, and have auto-diaphragm and meter coupling connections built in.  The lens stays open to the maximum aperture, but the lens is able to tell the meter what the set f-stop is.  Very convenient, but more expensive. 
• MD Auto Extension Tubes: These are the same as the MC Auto Extension Tubes, but their are a few cosmetic changes. On the MC Auto Extension Tubes, the toothed ridges are about 2mm wide and 2mm apart. On the MD Auto Extension Tubes they are about 1mm wide and 1mm apart. Pick your poison -- in real life it makes no difference at all. But that's not the only difference. On the MC Auto Extension Tubes the MC ring and the rear flange are bright aluminum. On the MD Auto Extension Tubes these are anodized black metal. The MD Auto Extension Tubes do not provide MD function with any lenses.

Many other companies made various extension tubes, with various features and lengths, that will fit on Minolta cameras.  Many of these are actually, physically painful to attach and remove to the camera, with sharp "buttons" that can tear your skin.  If you want a comfortable experience, get the Minolta tubes. Although Minolta never made extension tubes with the MD feature, other companies did, such as Vivitar.

Macro lenses -- a true macro lens has two features.  First, it allows a magnification of 1x (life-size) or greater.  Most lenses that are labeled as "macro" do not meet this test.  In addition, a true macro lens has a flat field of focus.  While regular lenses have a slight curve to what they focus on, the macro lens can focus all corners of a flat object at the same time.  Again, most lenses that are labeled as "macro" do not meet this test.  Minolta made and sold several lenses that were true macro lenses, in 50mm and 100mm lengths .  These are listed in the MINMAN lens directory.  Many other companies made macro lenses that will fit on Minolta cameras.  Some are great performers.

Bellows -- think of a bellows as a variable length extension tube.  Minolta made several bellows units over the years:  

• Bellows -- The original Minolta bellows.  Designed for the SR-2 camera which lacked a TTL meter, this bellows was easy to use, but required calculations to compensate for light loss.  A bellows decreases the light that reaches the film and the amount can be determined with a formula using the the focal length of the lens and the amount of extension on the bellows -- and a piece of paper and a pencil.  OK, so it was slow, but it worked.  And with a little practice, it's easy.  This model is a short, single rail bellows with a twist, of sorts.  When the bellows is compressed, the rail can be folded up, and the entire unit will fit just about anywhere.  While it offers very few convenience features, the first Minolta Bellows, is a rugged, go-anywhere bellows.  It was THE backpackers bellows until the Compact Bellows (see below) came along.  This model is sometime, incorrectly, referred to as the Minolta Compact Bellows.  It is compact, but it is not the Minolta Compact Bellows (see below).
  
  
  
  
• Bellows II -- This bellows is often referred to, mistakenly, as the Minolta Extension Bellows, but that's because of what was written on the box. But Minolta officially designated it as the Minolta Bellows II. After all, any bellows is an "extension bellows". This model is very different from the original bellows model.  It is a deluxe version in that it has much more extension -- about 180mm -- and accessories, to boot!  First, it had dual rails, unlike it's predecessor which made it a very sturdy bellows. But it added extra features to the standards. While the front standard does not lock, it has a very secure movement so it will not slip, once set. The rear standard is no longer fixed in place. It will move along the rail, as well, and locks with a small tab. The rear standard is sufficently raised so that any Minolta 35mm SLR (excluding the ER) can be accomodated -- as long as a motor drive is not attached. The rear standard even rotates, but this feature is only available when the rear standard is set at the back position. The rails lacks any distance markings because of the adjustable rear standard, but the bellows has a tripod socket near the rear. It also has a removeable  negative/slide copier as an accessory. It is designed for lenses with a 55mm filter thread, but an accessory ring was available to allow it to accept lenses with a 52mm filter thread. The copier is attached to rails with an adjustable distance depending on the lens used and the magnification desired. It was designed for negatives, but is adjustable for use with slides. In many ways the Bellows II is similar to the Auto Bellows I -- which replaced it -- but without the automatic diaphragm feature.
  
  
  
  
• Auto Bellows I  (AB I) -- The Auto Bellows I was a star -- in its time.  It's claim to prominence was the fact that it was an automatic aperture bellows.  All the bellows from other manufacturers, at the time, were manual aperture bellows which meant that as you stopped down the lens, the lens diaphraghm stopped down -- and the image became darker and darker.  This was a significant problem with a bellows since the bellows (naturally) substantially reduced the light in the viewfinder -- even at maximum aperture.  The result was very dark viewfinders, out-of-focus pictures, and incorrect TTL meter readings. The solution, of course, was the Auto-Bellows I.  With this bellows, the lens stays at maximum aperture until the very moment of exposure.  While the auto-aperture was convenient, the setup lacked any connection to the meter in the camera, so the metered reading needed to be taken in stop-down mode.  While this was a drawback from the TTL metering system, it was no different from the typical bellows systems at the time. You could buy the bellows by itself, but Minolta primarily sold it as a kit -- in a suitcase -- with the macro stand, slide copier, film holder, etc.  The only substantial shortcoming of this outfit is that the rear standard is fixed in place, so using short lenses is very difficult -- the front of the bellows keeps bumping into the subject!
  
  There are actually TWO versions of this bellows, although they are not marked or designated as different by Minolta.  Like the Bellows II, the Auto Bellows I used dual rails. Unlike the rails of the Bellows II, the right-hand rail has markings for the amount of extension -- in millimters.  These are simply used to determine the amount of exposure compensation that is needed -- when a NON-TTL camera is being used.  When this Bellows was first produced, Minolta's stardand lenses were 55mm focal lengths (f2.0, f1.8, and f1.7).  Minolta added an exposure compensation scale on the left-hand side of this Bellows -- in f-stops -- for easy use.
  
  The later version of this Bellows dropped this 55mm exposure compensation scale when Minolta branched out into standard lenses of other focal lengths, from 45mm to 58mm.  There are two ways to determine which version you have.  Look at the left hand rail and see if it has markings for a 55mm lens.  Also, the original version came in a plain, colored box, Marked "Minolta Auto Bellows I".  The later version came in a similarly marked box, but it is all plack with a large photograph on top.
  
  Both versions used the same accessories -- slide/film copier, focusing rail, and macro stand.
  
  
  
• Auto Bellows II (AB II) -- The ABI was great, but WAY too expensive.  This model was smaller and lighter than the AB I, with somewhat limited features .  It was made by Novoflex (which sold an identical model itself), had a permanently fixed focusing rail and accessory slide copier.  But the changes were not enough to significantly reduce the price.  It was short-lived and replaced by the Bellows III.  It is harder to find than the nearly identical Novoflex model. It did NOT use the same accessories as any other Minolta bellows -- unfortunately.
  
  
  
  
• Bellows III --  An updated version of the Bellows I, but it was designed to use most of the accessories of the Auto Bellows I.  
  
  
  
  
• Auto Bellows III (AB III) -- This model confuses a lot of people because they think it had some connection to the Minolta Bellows III.  Let me assure you that they are completely different animals.  The Auto Bellows III is an update of the Auto Bellows I and Auto Bellows II, not an updated Bellows III.  The Auto Bellows III is the dream machine. It is an improved Auto Bellows I with the advantage of shifts and swings -- with rear mount focus.  The standards are moved higher so that cameras with motor drives can be attached.  It retains the auto-diaphragm ation, but it does it in a different way. It uses a special set of cable releases -- in series -- that operate the lens diaphragm and the camera shutter at the same time. It works in much the same way the "double cable release" -- used by other manufacturers -- but provides a little more flexibility.  The front lens standard can be reversed to allow for reverse lens use and additional extension -- quite a concept!
  
  
  
  
• Bellows IV --  This is a simpler version of the AB III, without the bells and whistles.  It is not merely an improved Bellows III.  No auto-diaphragm feature and no swings and tilts, but most people don't need these advanced features.  This is the best bellows for most Minolta users.
  
  
  
  
• Compact Bellows -- The Compact Bellows is a revolution is design and appeared late in the Minolta line.  In the "closed" condition, you would not suspect that it was a bellows -- or even a piece of photographic equipment. The reason for its unique appearance and operation is its radical design.  Instead of using a conventional bellows rail, it uses a set of four collapsible struts around the four sides of the bellows.  This allows it to collapse upon itself and disappear into a protective, little box! Sure, its extension is short, and it lacks any convenience features -- but with a TTL meter, you can still take great macro pictures.  All you have to deal with is the lack of meter-coupling, and lack of an auto-diaphragm.  The viewfinder gets darker as you stop down, but the TTL meter automatically compensates -- COOL.  This is the perfect bellows for a backpacker.
  
  
  

• Bellows lenses -- Minolta made and sold several lenses designed for use on a bellows -- from an unbelievable 12mm to 135mm.  These are all true macro lenses in which the focusing tube has been removed .  This is what makes bellows lenses different from "regular" lenses -- the focusing "tube", or "mount" is provided by the bellows.  The optics can be the same, but the lens does not have a focusing ring.  This is created by the bellows.  The various Minolta bellows lenses are listed in the MINMAN lens directory.  But keep in mind that ANY Minolta lens will fit on a Minolta bellows.  It's just that certain Minolta lenses were DESIGNED to be used on bellows.  Many other companies made bellows lenses that will fit on Minolta bellows, and most enlarger lenses can be used as well..
• Focusing rail -- a rail that is attached to the bottom of the bellows to make focusing easier.  It can be used on the bottom of a camera -- without a bellows -- for easier focusing with a macro lens, extension tubes, etc.
• Slide copier -- attached to the front of the bellows unit, it allows the easy reproduction of negatives and slides.
• Macro stand -- attached to the front of the bellows unit, it allows for the reproduction of small objects like coins and stamps.
• Film holder -- attached to the front of the bellows unit, it allows the reproduction of negatives when used with a slide duplicator.

Microscopes -- OK, this gets a little complicated.  First, you need to connect the camera to the microscope.  You'll need an adapter for this.  Then, you need to connect a lens to the microscope.  You have a lot of options here.  No, Minolta did not make microscopes, but they did make microscope lenses.  And to confuse things even more, you can use your Minolta camera on most microscopes -- with or without a Minolta microscope lens -- but you need an adapter for the camera.  The microscope lenses that Minolta sold are listed in the MINMAN lens directory and were made in 12mm and 25mm sizes.  Minolta also marketed microscope lenses from Leitz (that's right, Leica) in the 12 and 25mm focal lengths.  These microscope lenses can be used on most microscopes without an adapter, or on a Minolta-style bellows with an adapter.  Keep in mind that other microscope optics can be used on the same adapters.  And to confuse matters even more, Minolta made different adapters to fit Minolta cameras onto microscopes.  These can be used on many microscopes, but they can not be used with other cameras:

• Microscope adapter -- consists of four parts:
  • Camera mount -- to attach the camera to the unit
  • Barrel -- to provide extension between the camera and microscope
  • Microscope mount -- to attach the unit to the microscope
  • Shade tube -- used when an eyepiece optic is not used
• Microscope adapter II -- same as the original, with minor cosmetic changes.

Get creative -- keep in mind that close-up gear can be mixed and matched for increased versatility.  For example, a macro lens or microscope lens can be placed on a bellows for even closer results than you would get from a normal bellows lens. Place a tele-converter on the back of a set of extension tubes and you've effectively doubled the amount of extension and increase the magnification dramatically.  

Additional gear -- To make the use of this macro gear quite a bit easier to operate, Minolta made several accessories, such as eyepiece adapters, cable releases:

• Cable Release -- usable with any camera with a cable release connection. This is a typical cable release with a locking screw on the top and a metal cover.
• Cable Release II -- an updated, top quality version that appeared in 1976. It's much longer and has a new quick-action, lock/release tab on the top. It lacks the standard locking screw, and has a more convenient locking tab that can be set for ON and OFF by roatating it slightly. In the OFF mode, the cable release does not lock and releases as soon as you remove your finger. In the ON mode, the cable release stays locked, even when you remove your finger. To unlock the cable release, you simply press the locking tab.  It has the added advantage of having a thick plastic cover over the entire length of the cable release with white nylon fabric underneath. It is a very rugged cable release that is very easy to use and very comfortable. This cable release was made with the older Minolta logo as well as the new one.
• Cable Release III -- an updated, version of the cable release II that appeared in 1979 with the introduction of the Powere Grip I. It was dessigned to be used with the Minolta Power Grip I and Power Grip II and was made slightly different from the Cable Release II. First, it is slightly longer, but only by an inch or so. Secondly, the release tip is made slightly wider to fit snuggly into the Power Grip -- the cable Release II will slip out. Third, the Cable Release III has a plastic tip on the end which is undoutedly designed to work better with the Power Grip in some way.  It has the added advantage of having a thick plastic cover over the entire length of the cable release with black nylon fabric underneath. It is a very rugged cable release that is very easy to use and very comfortable. This cable release was made with the older Minolta logo as well as the new one.
• Cable SP -- an electronic release on one end (see below) and co-axial connection on the other for connecting to numerous gear
• Remote Cord S (8035-100) -- A short, 20 inch, cable release with an electronic release on the camera end.  Only usable with XD, XG, and later cameras with a cable release connection. These cameras had a special cable release connection that allowed stadard, mechanical cable releases as well as the new, electronic Remote Cords S & L. These cables do not need batteries, even though they are electronic. The electricity is provided by the camera. Not to be confused with the other Remote Cord S.
• Remote Cord L (8035-200) -- A long, 16.5 foot, cable release with an electronic release on the camera end.  Only usable with XD, XG, and later cameras with a cable release connection. These cameras had a special cable release connection that allowed stadard, mechanical cable releases as well as the new, electronic Remote Cords S & L. These cables do not need batteries, even though they are electronic. The electricity is provided by the camera. Not to be confused with the other Remote Cord L.
• Remote Cord S (8034-300) -- A medium length, 3.3 foot, cable release with an electronic release on the camera end.  Only usable with XK MOTOR camera. This camera had a two cable release connections. The first is a standard in the normal location that allows a stadard, mechanical cable releases. The second is on the motor drive and allows the new, electronic Remote Cords S & L. These cables do not need batteries, even though they are electronic. The electricity is provided by the camera. Not to be confused with the other Remote Cord S.
• Remote Cord L (8034-400) -- A long, 16.5 foot, cable release with an electronic release on the camera end.  Only usable with XK MOTOR camera. This camera had a two cable release connections. The first is a standard in the normal location that allows a stadard, mechanical cable releases. The second is on the motor drive and allows the new, electronic Remote Cords S & L. These cables do not need batteries, even though they are electronic. The electricity is provided by the camera. Not to be confused with the other Remote Cord L.
• Power Grip I -- The Power Grip I first appeared in 1979. The Power Grip I performs several functions, each of which may be important to some photographers. First, it is a bracket for the camera. It attaches to the tripod socket of the camera, and allows you to hold the camera more comfortably. The handle has a flash shoe on the top so that you can add an additional flash unit -- or simply move a single flash further off of the camera. Third, it provides a built-in battery supply for the flash, but this will only work with the compatible Minolta Electroflash 320 flash units. The Power Grip I can be positioned for use with the left or right hand, and the camera can be positioned in several places. The Cable Release III can be added, and with a motor drive and flash units attached, operation of the camera is fast and easy. The Power Grip I uses rechargeable battery packs, but can be used without any battery.
• Power Grip II -- An updated version of the Powere Grip I with the following features.

ring lights, and focusing screens to be added.

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